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FBO DAILY - FEDBIZOPPS ISSUE OF OCTOBER 17, 2015 FBO #5076
SOURCES SOUGHT

C -- Capabilities Statement for Seismic Technical Guidance Development and Support IDIQ Contract

Notice Date

10/15/2015
 

Notice Type

Sources Sought
 

NAICS

541330 — Engineering Services
 

Contracting Office

Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Branch, 500 C Street SW, Patriots Plaza -- 5th Floor, Washington, District of Columbia, 20472, United States
 

ZIP Code

20472
 

Solicitation Number

HSFE6016I0002
 

Archive Date

11/20/2015
 

Point of Contact

Nathan J. Wolf, Phone: 2026464082, John Norway, Phone: 3014471020
 

E-Mail Address

nathanj.wolf@fema.dhs.gov, john.norway@fema.dhs.gov
(nathanj.wolf@fema.dhs.gov, john.norway@fema.dhs.gov)
 

Small Business Set-Aside

N/A
 

Description

Seismic Technical Guidance Development and Support IDIQ Contract RESPONSE: If your firm is capable of meeting the Synopsis objectives and has demonstrable capability supported by experience, please describe the capabilities and relevant experience. If there are qualified vendors, other than Applied Technology Council, capable of meeting the objectives, a competitive acquisition will be considered. The closing date for response is by November 5, 2015 by 4 PM Eastern Time. Email response in the form of a document to nathanj.wolf@fema.dhs.gov and john.norway@fema.dhs.gov. Based upon responses received, the Government reserves the right to set aside any and all procurements that may result hereunder for small or minority-owned businesses, presuming that any qualified vendors fall within the SBA small business size standards against the assigned Product Service Code for this requirement. If the evaluation of responses received concludes that none of the responding firms have the necessary capabilities, negotiations may be conducted with the Applied Technology Council on a noncompetitive basis. INCUMBENT: Applied Technology Council, Redwood City California. DURATION: Sixty months. MAXIMUM VALUE: $9,500,000. LOCATION: Anywhere in the US. CONTRACT TYPE: Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity. Task Orders to be ordered from this IDIQ contract. Firm Fixed Price with no award fees or performance incentive fees. DESCRIPTION: This is not a Request for Proposal (RFP), but rather a nationwide Federal Business Opportunity (FBO) survey to locate potential sources capable of performing the proposed work. It is anticipated that a Contractor will be required for an effort to investigate various seismic and related multi-hazard technical issues as they are identified by FEMA, develop technical design and construction guidance products, and support the dissemination of these products and related outreach efforts based on these Architectural and Engineering (A&E) products. These voluntary resource guidance products present criteria for the design, construction, upgrade, and function of buildings subject to earthquake ground motions in order to minimize the hazard to life for all buildings, increase the expected performance of higher occupancy structures, and improve the capability of essential facilities to function during and after earthquakes anywhere in the United States. FEMA has had considerable success in attracting some of the best earthquake engineers and scientists to assist in the development of these FEMA resource products. Because of this, our products have been widely used by practicing design professionals and building officials, and the techniques and technologies contained in these products are being incorporated into national model building codes and consensus and industry standards. Because the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is Congressionally authorized and mandated to be a national program, the development of NEHRP technical design guidance products must be done in a manner that will be acceptable to and utilized by the nation's engineering and design communities as well as the nation's model building code and standards organizations. This will require contracting with a nationally recognized engineering development organization that is intimately familiar with seismic research, design and construction, training and outreach, as well as the NEHRP, its history, and the issues it must address. The objective of this proposed contract will be to establish a process for the contracting of specific tasks to support the investigation of seismic and related multi-hazard technical issues as they are identified by FEMA, the development and publication of technical design and construction guidance products to address those issues, the dissemination of those products, and support of training and related outreach activities based on those products to the various user groups who need that information. The specific tasks shall be identified by FEMA with input from the Contractor and various outside sources. Minimum capabilities must include documented evidence of experience and expertise in all of the following areas: 1) Demonstrated experience in the investigation of seismic technical issues as identified both in the enforcement of seismic building codes and in the investigation of post-earthquake building performance; 2) Demonstrated experience in working with academic researchers and research programs in general and the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded research in particular in identifying and utilizing research results to address advanced seismic and seismic-related technical issues; 3) Demonstrated experience in the development of FEMA and other seismic and seismic-related multi-hazard technical design and construction resource guidance documents and related training products; 4) Demonstrated experience in working with earthquake-related issues such as tsunami and earthquake induced ground failures such as landslide, liquefaction and slumping. This would also include earthquake-induced building failures such as progressive collapse; 5) Demonstrated experience in the development of training materials and related marketing/ outreach programs that promote the use seismic and multi-hazard technical design and construction guidance products and in conducting such training and outreach programs; 6) In order to perform tasks related to the above criteria, the contractor shall have the demonstrated ability to enlist and subcontract with nationally recognized experts in the following fields: structural engineering, civil engineering, architecture, earth science, seismology, geotechnical, construction management, code development and enforcement, public policy, training, and academic research; 7) Since the contractor will be managing multiple task orders simultaneously, the contractor shall have demonstrated in-house experience in developing and managing multiple complex technical seismic design and construction guidance projects. This requires a demonstrated in-house earthquake engineering capability to ensure satisfactory product quality control. Each of these seven requirements shall be rated equally. Firms with these capabilities are invited to submit complete information to the contracting office identified in this notice in three (3) copies within twenty one (21) calendar days from the date of this notice. Information furnished should include: 1) the number and professional qualifications of scientists, engineers, technical, and other appropriate personnel; 2) company experiences related to the proposed project; 3) a description of general and special facilities; 4) a current financial statement; and 5) other literature which demonstrates minimum capabilities listed above. This synopsis is for information and planning purposes and the Government will not pay or otherwise reimburse respondents for information submitted. SYNOPSIS: A. Background of the Project The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has the goal of reducing the ever-increasing cost that disasters inflict on our country. Preventing losses before they happen by designing and building a community's structures to withstand anticipated forces from these hazards is one of the key components of mitigation. Mitigation is the only truly effective way of reducing the cost of these disasters and advance the whole of community concept. As part of its responsibilities mandated under the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), and in accordance with the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (PL 94-125) as amended, FEMA is charged with supporting mitigation activities necessary to improve technical quality in the field of earthquake engineering. The primary method of addressing this charge has been supporting the investigation of seismic and seismic-related multi-hazard technical issues as they are identified by FEMA, the development and publication of technical design and construction guidance products, the dissemination of these products, and support of training and related outreach efforts based on these products. These voluntary resource guidance products present criteria for the design, construction, upgrade, and function of buildings subject to earthquake ground motions in order to minimize the hazard to life for all buildings, increase the expected performance of higher occupancy structures, and improve the capability of essential facilities to function during and after earthquakes anywhere in the United States. They ultimately serve as the basis for future changes to the nation's building codes and improve the nation's resiliency in reducing future earthquake losses. FEMA has had considerable success in attracting some of the best earthquake engineers and scientists to assist in the development of these FEMA resource products. Because of this, our products have been widely used by practicing design professionals and building officials, and the techniques and technologies contained in these products are being incorporated into the nation's model building codes and consensus and industry standards. The fact that the International Building Code (IBC) and the nationally recognized American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute ASCE/SEI-7 Standard for Minimum Design Loads and ASCE/SEI 41 Standard for Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Buildings have all revised their seismic requirements to incorporate material from our resource products is one of the premier successes of the NEHRP and FEMA. One of the primary examples of these products is the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures, which presents the minimum criteria for the design and construction of buildings considered prudent and economically justifiable for the protection of life safety in buildings subject to earthquakes anywhere in the United States. This publication serves as the basis for the seismic provisions of the International Building Code and the International Residential Code. It also serves as the basis for compliance by Federal agencies with Executive Order 12699 for new federally owned, leased or regulated construction. Another example is the ongoing development of a primary product is the Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) Guidelines Project. PBSD is one of the more promising methodologies that can be used to reduce damages from an earthquake or other similar hazard over and above the current life safety target of the nation's current building codes. Current building codes for the design of new buildings are prescriptive in nature and are intended principally to provide for a life-safety level of protection when the design-level event such as an earthquake occurs. While current codes are intended to produce buildings that meet a life-safety performance level for a specified level of ground shaking, they do not provide a procedure that enables the designer to determine if other performance levels will be achieved or exceeded. During a design level earthquake, a code-designed building could achieve the goal of preventing the loss of life or life-threatening injury to the occupants, but could still sustain extensive structural and nonstructural damage and be out of service for an extended period of time. In some cases, the damage may be too costly to repair, with demolition being the only option. PBSD is a concept that permits the design of buildings with a realistic and reliable understanding of the risk of life, occupancy and economic loss that may occur as a result of future earthquakes. PBSD is based on an evaluation of a building's design to determine the probability of experiencing different types of losses, considering the range of potential earthquake events that may affect the facility. The desired performance level for a structure, along with a specified level of seismic shaking, are defined at the initiation of the structure's design process. The decision-maker then selects one or more of these performance levels, and an input ground motion event or hazard level for which this performance is to be achieved. The designer would then be provided with a procedure that is intended to allow for the determination as to whether these various performance levels are exceeded for the selected design hazard. Following the PBSD process, the building design would then be adjusted until the performance evaluations indicate a risk of loss that is deemed acceptable by the building owner or regulator. B. Project Objective The objective of this contract is to support the investigation of seismic and seismic-related technical issues as they are identified by FEMA, the development and publication of technical design guidance products to address those issues, the dissemination and support of that information, the availability of Subject Matter Experts to assist FEMA in carrying out its responsibilities under the NEHRP, and the development and use of related training materials and other related outreach activities to the various user groups who need that information. The specific technical issues and tasks shall be identified by FEMA with input from the Contractor and various outside sources. Each project will be ordered by a task order over time. The anticipated contract duration is sixty months. These issues shall include, but not be limited to: general seismic design and construction guidance (such as updated guidance on retrofitting existing buildings), seismic analysis and modeling methodologies (such as improved guidance on nonlinear time-history modeling), specific seismic design issues (such as near field effects and soil-structure interaction), guidance for seismic-related hazards (such as tsunami, landslide, liquefaction, and soil failure), and related dissemination, training and outreach activities in support of these issues. Also included shall be the ability to fund Subject Matter Experts to advise and assist FEMA as needed. This work shall be done through the contracting of specific task orders over the course of this contract. This contract shall replace the current FEMA IDIQ contract HSFE60-12-D-0242. The need for the work performed under that IDIQ contract continues to exist and a replacement contract is essential if FEMA is to be able to meet its requirements mandated under the NEHRP. FEMA also has in place other similar IDIQ contracts, including one with the National Institute of Building Science, Building Seismic Safety Council and one, the Technical Assistance and Research Contract (TARC) with Professional and Technical Services (PTS). Both of those contracts include the ability to conduct some seismic-related work, but neither contractor has anywhere near a sufficient level of in-house seismic engineering expertise to manage and monitor cutting edge seismic development work or to ensure a suitable end product. For this reason, FEMA needs to issue a new replacement IDIQ contract. C. Project Tasks Specific project tasks shall be separately contracted as needed by FEMA under this IDIQ contract. Some of the intended tasks will be severable, meaning that they involve ongoing activities such as on-call technical assistance provided by Subject Matter Experts, but most of the tasks will be non-severable, meaning that they are intended to provide a specific end product, such as providing seismic technical design and construction guidance addressing a specific earthquake-related issue. The Contractor shall provide the professional, technical, and support personnel, services, materials, equipment and facilities necessary to meet the stated Objective and conduct the work as required under the contracted tasks. The Contractor shall establish and utilize a management plan to manage the overall task order project. Under this plan, the contractor shall be responsible for: 1) overseeing the overall progress on each contracted task, 2) for overseeing the technical direction of each task to ensure the final product is technically defensible, and 3) overseeing and ensuring the overall quality of each task product. The Contractor shall review project activities on a regular basis and be available for immediate consultation as required. The Contractor shall select the specific task teams and consultants to carry out the various projects tasks in a manner consistent with FEMA and Contractor policies and practices, and the Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the work to be performed by task order project teams and consultants is produced in a timely manner and has been reviewed for both technical accuracy and for usefulness. The Contractor shall also act as a liaison with other related concurrent research and development projects, hold regular meetings to discuss progress of the tasks and resolve any conflicts, and serve as a means to transfer information between teams and consultants, ensuring that the efforts are complimentary and supplementary. All task team selections shall take into consideration balance between experience in different areas of expertise as well as geographic, gender and ethnic diversity. All selections shall be made in consultation with FEMA. The Task Order Project Director shall be identified in the Key Personnel clause of the contract. Selection of all other personnel shall be completed within one month after execution of the specific task contract. The Contractor shall provide quarterly progress reports that specify the Contractor's progress for each task, a description of any problems encountered and proposed solutions, a description of the work plan for the succeeding quarter, and a financial summary that provides: (1) expenditures during reporting period; (2) total expenditures to date; (3) total expenditures versus planned expenditures; (4) estimated cost at completion; and (5) an updated schedule showing planned versus actual progress. In addition, the Contractor shall provide a monthly financial summary along with each monthly invoice. D. Potential Project Tasks The specific technical issues and tasks shall be identified by FEMA with input from the Contractor and various outside sources. These issues shall include, but not be limited to: general seismic design and construction guidance (such as updated guidance on retrofitting existing buildings), seismic analysis and modeling methodologies (such as improved guidance on inelastic design modeling), specific seismic design issues (such as near field effects and soil-structure interaction), guidance for seismic-related hazards (such as tsunami, landslide, liquefaction, and soil failure), and related dissemination, training and outreach activities in support of these issues. Some specific potential project tasks may include the following: • Subject Matter Experts and Project Oversight o The objective of this Task Order would be to provide the services of subject matter expertise for the review, analysis, and development of FEMA and NEHRP program activities related to the seismic design of and the prevention of earthquake damage to the built environment. This would allow FEMA to have, through the contractor, on call subject matter experts available to provide guidance to FEMA on the investigation and implementation of our various technical investigations and developmental efforts. • Support of Performance Based Seismic Design Guidelines o With the completion of the FEMA P-58 Performance Base Seismic Design Guidelines and supporting products, there will be a need for additional support of these products, including training and user technical support. • Issues Related to Advanced Seismic Analysis Methods o The objective of this project would be to expand and update the FEMA-440 Seismic Analysis Procedures document to address related cutting edge issues that were identified and discussed but could not be resolved in the original project. The issues could include improving nonlinear multi-degree of freedom simplified modeling. This project will develop new design guidance on this issue based on research results from the NSF-funded EERC's. • Evaluation of Non-Ductile Concrete Frame Vulnerability o This task would be to develop an evaluation methodology and supporting guidance to allow for the risk evaluation of non-ductile concrete frame buildings. This evaluation methodology should be exportable into the FEMA HAZUS loss estimation modeling software. • National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) o NETAP is a FEMA program to provide technical assistance, primarily in the form of training, to states and local communities with a recognized seismic risk. The program is primarily managed as a cooperative agreement at the FEMA Regional level in association with State Earthquake Program Managers. The NETAP task order shall be to develop specific training materials, conduct specific training non-state level training courses, and provide specific mitigation technical assistance on an as needed basis. • Support of Seismic-Related Training Programs o The objective of this project would be to develop and conduct consistent training materials, modular in construct, that will help to disseminate the knowledge contained in the FEMA design guidance publications to the broadest possible base of practitioners in the sciences of seismic design and construction as well as building owners, managers, and others involved in construction financing and investment decisions. This includes developing and deploying the means to disseminate the material to the intended audiences. • Update Seismic Rehabilitation Guidance o The objective of this task would be to develop and execute a multiyear plan to produce new guidance documents for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. Specifically, certain aspects of FEMA 310 (ASCE 31) and FEMA 356 (ASCE 41) need updating to reflect the current state of knowledge of seismic engineering rehabilitation of buildings. The resource and guidance documents that ultimately result from this program will provide specific language that can be used by appropriate private-sector code organizations to incorporate the needed improvements in ASCE 31 and ASCE 41. • Converting FEMA Products for Use with Web-based or Mobile Technology o The objective of this project would be to adapt FEMA guidance and evaluation products for use with web-based or mobile technology application. This would include pilot testing of the application in a community or communities where the potential for earthquake damage exists. Such electronic applications should be designed for wireless transmission, should run on the most commonly used operating systems, and allow building data to be transmitted and downloaded directly into local databases, spreadsheets and risk assessment tools, (such as HAZUS-MH). • Translating Risk of Collapse Building Performance o Current FEMA seismic design guidance does not treat collapse in the same manner. FEMA P-58, FEMA P-154, FEMA P-695 and HAZUS all define and treat collapse differently, resulting in confusion within the design community. This guide would clarify this issue and offer a clearer definition and translate between the current guidance. This would also significantly help current projects such as Performance Based Design and the Short Period Buildings projects. • Identification and Documentation of Seismic Retrofitting Issues o ASCE/SEI 41, Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Building, is not staying current with the state of the art, and several issues are no longer adequately addressed. When ASCE/SEI 41 was first developed, FEMA products, specifically FEMA 273 and 356, served as an effective input mechanism that allowed early editions to be current to the state of practice. This is no longer the case. Much like the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings, which is updated every five years, serves as an effective input mechanism for ASCE/SEI 7 for new buildings, there is a need to periodically update FEMA 273 to provide an input mechanism to update ASCE/SEI 41. Like the NEHRP Recommended Provisions, this would need to be an ongoing effort to remain effective. This is already identified on the current Building Science spend plan as Updating Seismic Retrofitting Guidance. We have occasionally touched on this need in a very small and completely inadequate way using the Code Resource Support Committee, but this needs to be an organized, continuous and adequately funded effort. • Design Objectives for Residential Structures o Current code requires life safe design, which translates as collapse prevention. However, this design goal does not equate to damage reduction or habitability for smaller more frequent events. This project would identify design criteria that would increase the likelihood of residential structures being able to be used after an earthquake, such as using drift as a design goal. This would ultimately reduce the need for temporary housing after a disaster. • Develop Design Guide for Soil-Structure Interaction o National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently completed a significant effort that resulted in a state of the art research report on the issue of soil-foundation structure interaction. Current design codes do not adequately address this issue and can often result in overly conservative designs, adding to the cost of construction. Especially for short period buildings. However, the NIST research report is not geared to the design community, is difficult to use, and is generally not being used in design practice. This project would take the NIST research report and revise it into a design guide. • Manufactured Home Installation Guidance for High Seismic Areas o Current FEMA seismic installation guidance is buried in FEMA 85, a flood guide. FEMA helped in the development of NFPA 225, a manufactured home installation standard, but it is not being used. HUD guidance is inadequate and does not prevent failure of the installation in an earthquake. The recent South Napa earthquake demonstrated the inadequacy of the State of California's manufactured home installation requirements, which are controlled by the California Department of Housing and Community Development. This earthquake, like previous events, resulted in the failure of dozens of manufactured home installations, in some cases these failures resulted in units sliding or falling into natural gas supply lines resulting in fire. In one case, one of these fires occurred in an area impacted by a water main failure, resulting in six units being destroyed before the fires could be put out. • Development of Tall Buildings Seismic Retrofit Design Guidance o PEER is currently researching techniques for the seismic retrofitting of tall buildings. Recent research is showing that certain types of older tall buildings may be more prone to catastrophic failure than previously believed. One serious example is the increased risk of column splice failures shown in recent testing. When completed, this PEER material will need to be published as a seismic retrofitting design guide. This could be a logical joint FEMA-PEER publication. • Design Guide for Base Isolation and Energy Dissipation Systems o These seismic protection systems are currently covered in the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions, but current design guidance has not evolved from the early days of these technologies when a cautious approach was needed, and this overly conservative approach is now impeding its use. This project would take a fresh and more realistic look at what guidance is needed and develop a new FEMA design guide to encourage its use. • Design Guidance for Seismically Retrofitting Historic Structures o There exists significant confusion over the use of seismic retrofitting codes and standards, such as the IEBC and ASCE/SEI 41, and state historic preservation requirements. This was highlighted in the 2014 South Napa earthquake, where several historic buildings had not been adequately seismically retrofitted out of concern about violating historic preservation requirements. Two examples are the Alexandria Square building, where adhesive anchors were improperly installed when bolt through anchors would have been far more effective but were not used, and the Goodman Library, where a stone parapet was not properly anchored, both apparently due to a misunderstanding of the historic preservation requirements. • Seismic Design of Elevated Foundations o Current FEMA floodplain management criteria require structures within the floodplain to be elevated above the BFE on extended foundations. In coastal V-Zones, these foundations are required to be open pile or column foundations. These types of foundation are especially prone to damage and even failure in earthquakes. There is considerable confusion out there on what meets both sets of requirements. A respected earthquake engineer states that a coastal pile foundation without knee bracing would be inadequate, yet we do not address this in present FEMA guidance. This product would present specific design guidance for this risk. While this issue is covered in FEMA 55 Coastal Construction Manual, that guidance only covers certain types of foundations and has never been researched or verified. • Update of FEMA E-74. Reducing the Risk of Damage to Nonstructural Components o Damage to nonstructural building components presently account for 80 to 90 percent of all earthquake losses. NIST is currently funding a million dollar project with ATC to completely examine how we design nonstructural building components for seismic protection. When this project is completed in two years, we will need to update FEMA E-74 to incorporate this new information. Further, the design of nonstructural components in Design Category IV structures, which are essential facilities, is currently flawed. The current 1.5 increase in forces for this category of buildings does not decrease the amount of nonstructural damage as it also allows a corresponding increase in deformations. • Update of FEMA P-695, Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors o The current Short Period Buildings Project, which is expected to be completed in two to three years, will result in guidance that will then require that FEMA P-695 be updated so as not to be in conflict. FEMA P-695 is a critical document that provides a procedure to establish consistent and rational building system performance and response parameters (R, Cd, Ω0) for the linear design methods traditionally used in current building codes. It is seeing significant use by the seismic design community and must be kept current. • Update of FEMA P-646, Design Guide for Vertical Evacuation refuges From Tsunamis o With the completion of the new ASCE/SEI 7 chapter on tsunami loads and design, portions of FEMA P-646 are now obsolete and provide incorrect guidance. FEMA P-646 needs to be revised immediately to remove duplicative and conflicting guidance and reference the ASCE 7 chapter, and be simplified to focus on the design, construction and operation of vertical evacuation refuges. We are currently working with NOAA to provide matching funds. • Update of FEMA 83/84, Seismic Considerations for Communities At Risk o This product was originally designed to provide guidance to community officials that have to address a seismic hazard. This was last updated over 20 years ago and seriously needs to be brought up to date. The issue of resiliency could easily be included at the same time. This could be done as an on line tool. • Update of FEMA 156/157 Typical Costs for Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Buildings o The existing FEMA 156 and 157 have not been updated in many years and present information may be out of date. The recent NIST Memphis cost study provides new information and a methodology that should be expanded to a national basis. • Update of FEMA 313, Promoting the Adoption and Enforcement of Seismic Building Codes: A Guidebook for State Earthquake and Mitigation Managers. o This document was prepared in 1998 prior to the formation of the International Code Council. It is seriously out of date and needs to be retired. It should be replaced with a guide that falls somewhere between the current Building Codes Toolkit and Chapter 1 of FEMA P-749. • Update the FEMA 395-400 and P-420, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation Publications. o This series is dated and only two of the documents, Schools (395) and Hospitals (396) see any use whatsoever. The other four should be retired and the series updated to better reflect current codes, standards and technology.
 

Web Link

FBO.gov Permalink
(https://www.fbo.gov/spg/DHS/FEMA/FFMD/HSFE6016I0002/listing.html)
 

Place of Performance

Address: Anywhere in US. Deliverables to FEMA HQ, 500 C Street, SW, Wahington, DC 20472-3205., Washington, District of Columbia, 20472-3205, United States

Zip Code: 20472-3205
 

Record

SN03922629-W 20151017/151015234531-52af2a9abc4f00568b61882ac15dff97 (fbodaily.com)
 

Source

FedBizOpps Link to This Notice
(may not be valid after Archive Date)

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